Typical Properties

Parameter	Symbol	Unit
General Material Designations			4
	KT33		1115 - 1435
Dissipation Factor			0.004
	Qm		500 - 600
Density		kg/m3	7.6
Curie Temperature		°C	320
Coupling Coefficients	kp		0.580
	k31		-0.340
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	290
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-125
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	24.6
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-10.6
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	2220
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	12.4
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	8.1
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	11.0
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	9.1
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%	<7.0
	DF		<0.02
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%	<20.0
	DF		<0.0
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m	>1010
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m	>108.5
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m	>105.5
Time Constant @ 25°C		s	>100
Time Constant @ 100°C		s	>5
Time Constant @ 200°C		s	>0.07
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-4.6
	kp	% / time decade	-1.7
	d33	% / time decade	-3.4
	Np		1.0
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C	8.0

Equivalent DoD Navy Type II

Parameter	Symbol	Unit
General Material Designations			5
	KT33		1770
Dissipation Factor			0.02
	Qm		75
Density		kg/m3	7.8
Curie Temperature		°C	365
Coupling Coefficients	kp		0.600
	k31		-0.343
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	400
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-177
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	25.2
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-11.1
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	1980
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	10.1
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	6.2
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	14.2
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	7.1
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%	12.5
	DF		0.0238
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%	26.1
	DF		0.0551
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m	>1012
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m	>1011
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m	>1010
Time Constant @ 25°C		s
Time Constant @ 100°C		s
Time Constant @ 200°C		s
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-1.0
	kp	% / time decade	-1.7
	d33	% / time decade	-3.4
	Np		0.2
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C	11.3

Equivalent DoD Navy Type III

Parameter	Symbol	Unit
General Material Designations			8
	KT33		980 - 1180
Dissipation Factor			0.002
	Qm		900 - 1600
Density		kg/m3	>7.5
Curie Temperature		°C	>300
Coupling Coefficients	kp		>0.520
	k31		-0.350
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	300
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-127
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	28.8
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-12.2
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	2170
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	12.8
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	7.8
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	11.3
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	8.9
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%	1.9
	DF
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%
	DF
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m	>1012
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m	>108
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m	>106
Time Constant @ 25°C		s	>100
Time Constant @ 100°C		s	>2
Time Constant @ 200°C		s	>0.01
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-4.0
	kp	% / time decade	-2.1
	d33	% / time decade	-6.3
	Np		1.0
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C	10.4

Equivalent DoD Navy Type IV

Parameter	Symbol	Unit
General Material Designations			BT
	KT33		1100
Dissipation Factor			0.006
	Qm		500
Density		kg/m3	5.8
Curie Temperature		°C	130
Coupling Coefficients	kp		>0260
	k31		-0.150
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	127
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-42
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	13.0
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-4.3
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	3177
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	7.8
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	12.8
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	7.6
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	13.2
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%	2.7
	DF		0.007
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%	7.3
	DF		0.015
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m	>1010
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m
Time Constant @ 25°C		s
Time Constant @ 100°C		s
Time Constant @ 200°C		s
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-3.5
	kp	% / time decade	-3.5
	d33	% / time decade
	Np		0.7
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C

Equivalent DoD Navy Type V

Parameter	Symbol	Unit
General Material Designations			5J
	KT33		2650
Dissipation Factor			0.020
	Qm		71
Density		kg/m3	>7.6
Curie Temperature		°C	>250
Coupling Coefficients	kp		0.635
	k31		-0.375
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	530
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-230
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	22.6
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-9.8
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	1965
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	16.0
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	6.2
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	13.8
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	7.3
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%
	DF
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%
	DF
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m
Time Constant @ 25°C		s
Time Constant @ 100°C		s
Time Constant @ 200°C		s
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-1.1
	kp	% / time decade	-0.3
	d33	% / time decade	-4.0
	Np		0.2
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C	24.1

Equivalent DoD Navy Type VI

Parameter	Symbol	Unit
General Material Designations			5H
	KT33		3300
Dissipation Factor			0.021
	Qm		67
Density		kg/m3	7.5
Curie Temperature		°C	195
Coupling Coefficients	kp		0.635
	k31		-0.375
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	618
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-264
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	21.2
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-8.9
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	1963
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	16.9
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	5.9
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	14.5
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	6.9
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%
	DF
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%
	DF
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m	>1011
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m	>1011
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m	>1010
Time Constant @ 25°C		s	>2000
Time Constant @ 100°C		s	>2000
Time Constant @ 200°C		s	>1000
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-0.6
	kp	% / time decade	-0.2
	d33	% / time decade	-3.9
	Np		0.3
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C	30.7

Custom Materials

Parameter	Symbol	Unit	PZT 5B	PZT 5R	PZT 5M	PZT 5K	PZT 7A	PZT 7D	PT2 / PC6
General Material Designations			5B	5R	5M	5K	7A	7D	PT
	KT33		2350	2000	4015	5500	410	1300	218
Dissipation Factor			0.020	0.020	0.028	0.023	0.025	0.005	0.022
	Qm		80	80	45	61	580	600	1150
Density		kg/m3	7.9	7.9	7.7	7.9	7.9	7.8	6.9
Curie Temperature		°C	330	350	150	160	350	325	238
Coupling Coefficients	kp		0.640	0.630	0.630	0.650	0.510	0.510	k t=0.510
	k31		-0.380	-0.385	-0.370	-0.380	-0.300	-0.300	-0.030
Piezoelectric Charge Constants	d33	x10-12C/N or m/V	530	480	650	775	154	240	67
	d31	x10-12C/N or m/V	-210	-200	-270	-323	-60	-112	-3
Piezoelectric Voltage Constants	g33	x10-3Vm/N	25.5	27.1	20.0	18.6	41.3	21.0	34.8
	g31	x10-3Vm/N	-10.1	-11.5	-7.6	-6.9	-16.2	-9.6	-2.1
Frequency Constant	Np	Hz.m	2015	1950	2025	1945	2380	2265	2856
Elastic Constants Short Circuit	SE11	SEx10-12m2/N	14.7	15.7	15.0	16.0	10.6	11.8	7.5
	YE11	SEx10-12m2/N	6.8	6.4	6.7	6.3	9.4	8.5	13.4
Elastic Constants Open Circuit	SD11	SDx10-12m2/N	12.6	13.3	12.9	13.8	9.7	10.7	7.4
	YD11	SDx10-12m2/N	7.9	7.5	7.8	7.3	10.4	9.4	13.5
High Field Dielectric Properties (200kV/m)	KT33	%							-0.9
	DF								0.016
High Field Dielectric Properties (400kV/m)	KT33	%							-1.0
	DF								0.016
Volume Resistivity @ 25°C		ohm.m	>1011				>109		>1010
Volume Resistivity @ 100°C		ohm.m	>1011				>108
Volume Resistivity @ 200°C		ohm.m	>1010				>106.5
Time Constant @ 25°C		s	>2000				>10
Time Constant @ 100°C		s	>1800				>0.5
Time Constant @ 200°C		s	>250				>0.03
Aging Rates & Time Stability	KT33	% / time decade	-0.3	-3.6			0.06	0.03	-2.3
	kp	% / time decade	0.0	0.0			0.0	0.006	k t=1.7
	d33	% / time decade	-3.0	-3.1			0.0	0.0
	Np		0.1	0.2			-0.05	0.02	0.2
Temperature Stability		% change in KT33 from 0 - 50°C	15.6	16.3			18.1	11.3

Back to top...

Typical Thermal Effects

Pyroelectric effects, in 10^-6 coul/cm² (10^-2coul/m2°C)

(a) Above about 80°C the pyroelectric effect is masked by anomalous dielectric charges.

Thermal Expansion Coefficient ( in 10^-6 /°C)

Poled PZT5A

	1st Heating	1st Heating	Subsequent Heatings	Subsequent Heatings
°C	1	3	1	3
0	+1.5	+2	+1	+4
50	+1.5	+2	+1.4	+4
100	+6	-6	+2	+3
150	+6	-7	+2.7	+1
200	+5	-7	+3.3	-1.6
250	+4.2	-6	+3.9	-4.2

Poled PZT4D

	1st Heating	1st Heating	Subsequent Heatings	Subsequent Heatings
°C	1	3	1	3
0	+1.5	+0.1	+3.8	+1.7
50	+4.5	-0.1	+3.8	+1.7
100	+5.8	-6	+3.8	-1
150	+6.4	-6	+3.8	-1.4
200	+5.4	-6.1	+3.4	-2.4
250

Virgin Unpoled

	PZT5A	PZT4D
°C
0	+2.5	+2.0
50	+2.1	+1.8
100	+2.0	+1.5
150	+1.8	+1.1
200	+1.5	+1.0
250	+1.0	+0.3
300	+0.7	0.0
350	-3.0	+6.2
400	+5.0	+7.8
500	+8.2	+8.2

As noted above, thermal expansion of PZT4D and PZT5A is extremely anisotropic only on first heating, and on first heating only above about 50°C

Heat Capacity

Thermal Conductivity

Typical Responses

g₃₁ vs Temperature

 d₃₁ Vs Temperature

Relative Dielectric Constant Vs Temperature

Mechanical Q Vs Temperature

 Planar Coupling Factor Vs Temperature

Frequency Constant Vs Temperature

Back to top...

Typical High Signal Properties

		PZT4D	PZT5A	PZT8
AC depoling Field		>1.0	0.7	>1.5
AC field for tan=0.04, 25°C (a)		0.39	0.45	>1.0
% increase of T33 at above electric field		17	11	10
AC field for tan=0.04, 100°C		0.33	0.045	n/a
Max rated static compressive stress (maintained) PARALLEL to polar axis	25°C	82.7	20.7 or 34.5(c)	82.7
	100°C	41.4	20.7	41.4
% change of T33 with stress increase to rated max compressive stress at 25°C (b)		+25% approx (d)	-3% approx (d)	+18% approx (d)
% change of d33 with stress increase to rated max compressive stress at 25°C (b)		±15% approx (d)	0% at 20.7 -13% at 34.5 approx	+6% (d)
Max rated compressive stress (cycled) PARALLEL to polar axis	25°C	82.7	20.7	82.7
	100°C	41.4	20.7	41.4
Max rated static compressive stress (maintained) PERPENDICULAR to polar axis	25°C	55.2	13.8	55.2
	100°C	27.6	13.8	27.6
% change of T33 with stress increase to rated max compressive stress at 25°C (b)		+10% approx	-	-2%
% change of d31 with stress increase to rated max compressive stress at 25°C (b)		-10% approx (f)	-	-10%
Maximum rated hydrostatic pressure		345	138	345
Compressive Strength		>517	>517	>517
Tensile Strength, Static (g)		75.8	75.8	75.8
Tensile Strength, Dynamic (peak) (g)		24.1	27.6	34.5
Mechanical Q at 0MPa		600	75	1000
Mechanical Q at 7MPa		180 approx	25 approx	800
Mechanical Q at 14MPa		110 approx	25 approx	500
% increase in sE11 at 7MPa		1.7 approx	10.5 approx	0.1
% increase in sE11 at 14MPa		3.7 approx	17 approx	0.2

Notes
(a) The value of tan at a given electric field is a function of time after poling or after any major disturbance such as exposure to an elevated temperature.
(b) After appropriate stabilizing treatment. This consists of a temperature stabilization plus a few minutes soak at the appropriate static stress. The temperature stabilization is, however, more important than the stress soak.
(c) The higher figure applies to a receiver, the lower to a radiator. The recommended use of PZT-5A or PZT-5H is the former.
(d) In range to 70 MPa.
(e) In range to 35 MPa.
(f) The lateral d-constant perpendicular to the stress and polar axis is up about 20%.
(g) These figures are dependent upon configuration and perfection of fabrication. The static tensile strength figures were obtained from bending tests on thin "Bimorph" structures,while the dynamic tensile strength figures were obtained from measurements of high amplitude resonant vibration of rings The latter tests are more sensitive to minor flaws.  

Back to top...

Ageing Rates and Time Stability

Most of the properties of piezoelectric ceramics change gradually with time. The changes tend to be logarithmic with time after poling. The ageing rate of various properties depends on the ceramic composition and on the way the ceramic is processed during manufacture. Because of ageing, exact values of various properties such as dielectric constant, coupling, and piezoelectric constants may only be specified for a standard time after poling. The longer the time period after poling, the more stable the material becomes. The ageing process in any ceramic can be accelerated by exposing the ceramic to one or more of the following conditions.
(l ) high mechanical stress
(2) strong electric depoling field
(3) high temperature approaching the Curie point

Material selection should be based on the conditions of a given application. Some typical ageing rates of various material properties are given in the following table

Time Stability (percent change per time decade) for some common materials

Temperature Stability
The performance characteristics of the electric and piezo electric properties are affected by temperature variations. Each piezoelectric material is affected differently by temperature changes, according to the method of manufacture and chemical composition of the material. The changes in the various material properties with temperature are shown in the following table for all PZT materials.

Temperature Stability of K^T₃₃